{"id":629,"date":"2017-09-04T09:35:49","date_gmt":"2017-09-04T07:35:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.archeoweb.ch\/expo\/archeonimaux\/le-monde-greco-romain\/le-sacrifice\/"},"modified":"2020-03-30T13:39:05","modified_gmt":"2020-03-30T11:39:05","slug":"le-sacrifice","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/archeolab.app\/archeonimaux\/le-monde-greco-romain\/le-sacrifice\/","title":{"rendered":"Le sacrifice"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dans la religion antique, le sacrifice animal \u2013 sanglant \u2013 est un acte fr\u00e9quent. En Gr\u00e8ce, particuli\u00e8rement, la religion s\u2019appuie sur un principe de r\u00e9ciprocit\u00e9 : c\u2019est le do ut des<\/em> (\u00ab\u00a0je donne pour que tu donnes\u00a0\u00bb).<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Sacrifice \u00e0 Rome (suovetaurilia) : b\u0153uf, cochon, mouton men\u00e9s vers l\u2019autel. Relief de l\u2019autel de Domitius Ahenobarbus, Rome, IIe<\/sup>\u00a0si\u00e8cle avant J.-C., Louvre, Ma 975.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Le sacrifice d\u2019un animal est donc le moyen id\u00e9al de mettre en \u0153uvre cet \u00e9change \u00ab\u00a0th\u00e9\u00e2tralis\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb entre hommes et dieux. On invoque les dieux, on les remercie, on esp\u00e8re d\u2019eux un bienfait, une protection.<\/p>\n

Le sacrifice d\u2019un animal est un acte important dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 ancienne. Diverses formes de sacrifices sont attest\u00e9es dans la pratique religieuse grecque\u00a0: nous nous int\u00e9resserons ici\u00a0 au type le plus fr\u00e9quent, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire au sacrifice sanglant (Thusia). Il inclut une mise \u00e0 mort d\u2019un animal domestique, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement du petit b\u00e9tail (le plus souvent un\u00a0 mouton ou un cochon, beaucoup plus rarement un bovin).<\/p>\n

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Ch\u00e8vre entrav\u00e9e, offerte en sacrifice. Statue votive, marbre, Ier<\/sup>-IIe<\/sup> si\u00e8cle apr\u00e8s J.-C., Metropolitan Museum, inv. 10.151.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Les raisons de ces choix sont principalement \u00e9conomiques\u00a0: sacrifier un bovin co\u00fbte cher, et c\u2019est un animal qui peut rendre d\u2019inestimables services (comme le labour). On ne le sacrifice donc que pour les tr\u00e8s grandes occasions, comme les grandes f\u00eates publiques. La plupart du temps, dans le cadre du culte priv\u00e9, mouton ou cochon lui sont pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

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Sacrifice de taureau \u00e0 Rome \/ rituel. Relief de Pomp\u00e9i, temple de Vespasien, Ier<\/sup> si\u00e8cle apr\u00e8s J.-C.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

L\u2019animal doit \u00eatre parfait, sans d\u00e9faut\u00a0: sont donc exclus du sacrifice les animaux malades ou \u00e2g\u00e9s. En th\u00e9orie, les animaux m\u00e2les sont vou\u00e9s aux dieux, et les animaux femelles, aux d\u00e9esses. La victime sacrificielle la plus recherch\u00e9e est le jeune mouton, m\u00e2le et adulte.<\/p>\n

Un \u00e9l\u00e9ment r\u00e9v\u00e9lateur de la relation homme-animal (et d\u2019une forme de culpabilit\u00e9 ?) est que l\u2019animal doit consentir \u00e0 sa mise \u00e0 mort. Pour ce faire, le pr\u00eatre asperge d\u2019eau et de grains d\u2019orge la t\u00eate de la victime : le mouvement qu\u2019elle fera sera alors interpr\u00e9t\u00e9 comme un signe de consentement. On l\u2019assomme ensuite, puis on l\u2019\u00e9gorge.<\/p>\n

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Rites pr\u00e9liminaires au sacrifice d\u2019Iphig\u00e9nie, qui se transforme en biche, sur un vase \u00e0 figures rouges, Ve<\/sup> si\u00e8cle avant J.-C.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Une fois l\u2019animal tu\u00e9, il est d\u00e9coup\u00e9 et ses chairs ainsi que ses entrailles sont r\u00f4ties. Les longs os de cuisses, recouverts de graisse, seront br\u00fbl\u00e9s sur le feu\u00a0: c\u2019est la part dont devront se contenter les dieux. L\u2019assistance (les pr\u00eatres et les fid\u00e8les) se partagent les viandes. Les pr\u00eatres obtiennent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement en plus la peau de l\u2019animal.<\/p>\n

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Sacrifice de sanglier. M\u00e9daillon de coupe attique \u00e0 figures rouges du peintre d\u2019Epidromos, vers 500 avant J.-C., Paris, Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, G112.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u21d2 Ex-voto et pri\u00e8res<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dans la religion antique, le sacrifice animal \u2013 sanglant \u2013 est un acte fr\u00e9quent. 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